Moon is at Perigee on the 4th (Today)Perigee is the closest point to the earth and it is in this stage that the moon appears larger.
When the Moon is at perigee, there is much more gravitational pull and it can whip up the tides and cause weather to become more unstable. The greatest possible astronomical tide-generating force occurs when, at the same time, the Sun is a perigee, the Sun and Moon are at Full or New Moon and both the Sun and Moon have zero declination. This happens about once in 1600 years, 250 B.C., 1400 A.D, and it will happen around 3300 A.D
54 comments:
Besides making babies and killing non-believers - what other purpose does Plantation Religion serve?
Craig... at least give monotheism credit for putting an end to such "traditional" practices as cannibalism and human sacrifice.
Davey, davey, davey, davey, davey.,
{{{{ SMH }}}}
Go read an original and unabridged copy of Grimm's Fairy Tales (compiled when there were far fewer than 50 million europeans) and get back at me on this ahistorical fantasy of yours about Plantation religion "putting an end" to jack shit.
^ I treasure my copy of the unabridged Grimm Brothers' folk tales. I particularly like when the townsfolk made the wicked queen put on red-hot iron slippers and dance until she died.
What that has to do with the history of cannibalism and human sacrifice, I have no idea.
wow..,
even with the source materials directly in front of you - negro miseducation apparently knows no bounds.
The tales compiled by the brothers Grimm comprise the folk's very own account of their common and consistent experience of cannibalism, human sacrifice, infanticide, serial killing, and sundry other killer-ape proclivities, NONE OF WHICH were deterred by "monotheism".
matterfact, the biggest, most enduring, ritualized and oft-repeated outbreaks of the behavior you claim "monotheism" suppressed - were perpetrated under the auspices of the church hierarchy.
Don't you know the origins of the expression "Kill them all; God will recognize his own."?
Have you never heard of the Inquisition, or the crusades?
Only four stories by Perrault do not feature cannibalism as such ("Cinderella", "Donkeyskin", "The fairies", "Bluebeard"). In the Grimm Brothers' later, seminal anthology, the tally can't be made, as stories of ogres and flesh eating witches are so numerous, and many of them overlap. Yet these collections are the foundation stones of nursery literature in the West (160).
fairy tales and cannibalism...,
^ Those were "tales," you understand... right, Craig? Not court transcripts.
Or do you also believe that the many African folk tales featuring talking animals reveal a past in which monkeys and lions literally argued with words?
lol..,
I see you've exhausted your thimble-full of knowledge already - and have nothing more to offer on this specific subject.
Whenever you want to get back to medieval european history, folklore, and the indisputable facts of widespread and commonplace atrocity in the heart of western "monotheism" let me know.
You're right, Craig. We should get back to worshipping the fucking sun. Or maybe solid-gold idols.
The civilizing influence of modern religions over the past couple thousand years is obvious to all but the most obstinate fuckwit.
rotflmbao!!!
The civilizing influence of modern religions over the past couple thousand years is obvious to all but the most obstinate fuckwit.
absolutely priceless....,
DV, watch carefully how Caio struggles to show your boy Livingston how pathetically little he knows about the subject on which he's written entire books.
then,
compare and contrast that with how infinitesimally small the undercover white woman's grasp of the subject matter must be.
then just say dayyum...,
and walk away exasperated by the insurmountable enormity of trying to show one who doesn't know, even a tiny glimpse of what he doesn't know....,
^ Since you can't stop lipping off, Craig... how about this?:
For reasons baffling, you invoke the collected European folktales of the Brothers Grimm as an indictment of "monotheism"... when those tales, in fact, are a direct reflection of the mythology of pre-Christian Europe!!
Indeed, Jacob Grimm's scholarly interest in fairy tales emanated from his interest in historical paganism. The very reason he collected and studied those tales was to understand Germany's old-time pagan culture. Those tales didn't evolve in Christian societies.
So how-da-FOK do the Brothers Grimm contradict what I just said about the civilizing influence of modern religions?
Before you answer that though, Craig... I smell something burning. You better check on your muffins.
"Whenever you want to get back to medieval european history, folklore, and the indisputable facts of widespread and commonplace atrocity in the heart of western "monotheism" let me know." CNu
C ... Considering the widespread heresy of medieval Europe which masqueraded as "the church" ... isn't the suggestion that the atrocities of that time were a product of "monotheism" as off the mark as the suggestion that western atrocities today are the products of "democracy"?
"The church" was no more monotheism than "The Bush Administration" was democracy.
(Bra. Send a link to this Livingston discussion you mentioned)
Peep his list DV. He reposted the email message you sent him in August re: Gurdjieff yesterday.
Caio been takin him to school today.
C ... Considering the widespread heresy of medieval Europe which masqueraded as "the church" ... isn't the suggestion that the atrocities of that time were a product of "monotheism" as off the mark as the suggestion that western atrocities today are the products of "democracy"?
lol..,
no.
That red hot iron slippers scene from Snow White {that has the undercover white woman rubbing herself in excitement} is some straight up textbook Maleficus Maleficarum type shit from the German monotheist perverts running the germanic wing of the Inquisition.
Seriously brah, is there anything worse and less excusable than willful ignorance?
I don't know CNu ...
I aint scared to tell you I don't what the fuck you talking about at this point.
It's difficult for me to consider the "German monotheistic perverts" running the germanic wing of the inquisition ... representatives of "religion".
They strike me as representatives of an occultist tradition in direct competition with the notion of a single loving God.
Just because a muhfuggah has a hat and rope doesn't make him a cowboy.
Just because a muhfuggah has a robe and a cross doesn't make him a representative of that brother from Nazarus.
The "church" like our government was hijacked long ago.
DV, you don't know what Livingston's talking about either - and have witnessed his systematic clowning by a better informed correspondent on his very own list.
Hasn't caused you to even touch your brakes on repping his ignorant nonsense like it was the inspired word of gawd.
Not knowing is excusable.
Not comprehending, well...,
Not knowing and willfully choosing to continue not to know?
Never.
This ain't rocket science, and the authors of the Maleficus Maleficarum were authorized agents of the Catholic church.
Make whatever ridiculous excuses for them that you want.
Plantation religion in europe is singularly and exclusively responsible for every single atrocity arising on that peasant&predator infested peninsula up through the mid 20th century.
lol ... actually Nu, I am beginning to suspect you don't quite get it yourself.
Livingston aside, whom you also seem to miss, "da Catholic church" is not the embodiment of "monotheism" or religion anymore than the Republican & Democratic parties are representatives of democracy and freedom.
"da Catholic church" is a political institution masquerading as the intermediary between man and God.
The core principals of monotheism / Christianity / religion exist separate and distinct from the Luciferian / Kabbalists / Templars / Masonic puppets driving the "da Catholic church".
Please list the core principles of monotheist Christianity to which you refer DV, and, the primary proponents and practitioners of these in the western world?
Seriously brah, is there anything worse and less excusable than willful ignorance?
Yes, you muffin-baking bitch. Willful deceit.
I defy you to produce a scholarly source that argues the brutality of the Grimms' fairy tales is linked to the tactics of the Inquistion... instead of being linked to the grotesque superstitions of pagan, pre-Christian Europe.
Was the ancient astrological knowledge noted in the post anchoring this thread preserved and transmitted by these same monotheist Christian preservationists?
1) Love your neighbor as you love yourself.
2) Sacrifice yourself for your community.
3) Give yourself, every single day, to making humanity better, and building the bonds of your community.
4) Forgive totally
Primary proponents and practitioners?
My grandmamma and them.
lol..,
David, you ignorant masturbatory slut...,
It's actually the Malleus Maleficarum and excerpts from its "how to" guide for prosecuting a witch are what had you rubbing yourself feverishly in response to Snow White.
as for the grotesque superstitions of pagan, pre-Christian Europe, you couldn't identify any of the dubious practices or alleged pre-literate practitioners of the same - if your life depended on it.
meanwhile, countless carefully documented and illustrated source materials delineate the source of the gruesomeness drawn upon by the Grimms - inclusive of artifacts and illustrations.
My grandmamma and them.
educated exemplars of bourgeois pretension though they may have been - I sincerely doubt they could have even spelled perigee, much less told you what one is.
Oh and phuk number 4.
these pasty peasants obsessed with Blackness gotta go, gotta go, gotta go.
less granmamma an'em said something good about cap'n save-a-ho..,
... the source of the gruesomeness drawn upon by the Grimms...
I ask for a scholarly source that says the Grimms drew upon the tactics of the Inquisition, boo boo. Not your own half-assed assumptions.
Produce the scholarship or get the fuck back in the kitchen.
I happen to own a copy of the "Malleus" as well. It has nothing whatsoever to do with the collected tales of the Brothers Grimm, which (as I pointed out upthread) were collected precisely because they were products of pagan culture.
I ask for a scholarly source that says the Grimms drew upon the tactics of the Inquisition, boo boo....Produce the scholarship or get the fuck back in the kitchen.
lol.
whew....,
you must be having imaginary daddy flashbacks son.
I happen to own a copy of the "Malleus" as well. It has nothing whatsoever to do with the collected tales of the Brothers Grimm
numbnuts.
tell me where the idea of torturing and murdering a witch in hot iron shoes for the edification of peasants comes from then or go back to playing with yourself.
Playing with myself? Bwah, I just nutted all over your muthaphuckin' face!
And I rest my case. You pull the fucking Brothers Grimm out your ass to trash Christianity, fold like a dollar bill when challenged, and end up wearing one of my double-barrelled cumshots.
Looks good on you, magne...
and in your imagination you have a woman and a life worth living too...,
Fantasy lives aside, let's go back to where you began;
Craig... at least give monotheism credit for putting an end to such "traditional" practices as cannibalism and human sacrifice.
There is no pagan european tradition of witchcraft, cannibalism, human sacrifice and all the rest outside the auspices of the church.
No inquisition, no witches.
No witches, oops, there goes 75% of the Grimm's subject matter.
I treasure my copy of the unabridged Grimm Brothers' folk tales. I particularly like when the townsfolk made the wicked queen put on red-hot iron slippers and dance until she died.
What that has to do with the history of cannibalism and human sacrifice, I have no idea.
Snow White (the witch tale to which you refer) came from the Brothers french Huegenot informant Marie Hassenplug. It has no ancient pagan precursor. The torture and execution of the witch queen is straightforward malleus grist.
Indeed, Jacob Grimm's scholarly interest in fairy tales emanated from his interest in historical paganism. The very reason he collected and studied those tales was to understand Germany's old-time pagan culture. Those tales didn't evolve in Christian societies.
and he came up with bupkis, because there IS no old-time German pagan culture outside of 19th century germanic romanticism.
So how-da-FOK do the Brothers Grimm contradict what I just said about the civilizing influence of modern religions?
because of their preponderant use of the witch motif which simply doesn't exist outside the murderous propaganda of the Inquisition.
But you're the one who's made outlandish claims for altertumswissenschaft pagan germanic antiquity without a single shred of supporting evidence.
As I said upthread, you couldn't even find a norse (much less germanic antecedent) to a single one of the Grimm's tales.
My claim that euro-Plantation Religion is at the heart of most pre-20th century european atrocity is trivially substantiated. Unless of course, you've got revisionist claims you'd care to offer with regard to the Inquisition, the Crusades, and the conquest of the New World?
I'll hold my breath here while you run around and try to rustle something up, ummkay....?
because of their preponderant use of the witch motif which simply doesn't exist outside the murderous propaganda of the Inquisition.
Flat-out, dead-ass wrong, boo boo. Look at the Eastern European myth of “Baba Yaga,” the archetypal old hag who flies around the forest and wants to eat children. That is your fucking witch motif right there.
Baba Yaga is the most famous character in Russian folklore. She appears in many stories.
“Her hut is often surrounded by a fence topped with skulls,” according to the Encyclopedia of Russian Folklore and Fairy Tales, “and in some tales the advent of morning, evening, and night are subject to her influence, which some scholars have attributed to her origin as a goddess figure.”
Got that, motherfucker? The old witch who lives in the woods in a gingerbread house, flies around on a broom, cannibalizes children... she wasn’t invented by propagandists on the payroll of the Pope. She emanates from the pagan cultures of pre-Christian Europe.
It is comically ridiculous for you to even suggest – let alone boldy declare – that witches didn’t exist in European folklore prior to the Middle Ages.
Are you stupid, or do you just like to lie?
lol..,
Didn't you learn anything from the factual peasant floggings administered hereabouts by DMG and Herr Fisher last night?
sheeeiiiiitttttt.
Messing around with propagandist idiots, DV wound up being the "blackest-eyed" man on the Internet.
Now comes your silly ass this morning, imitating those selfsame, misinformed google-search antics, and you wind up blacking your own bleary bug-eye.
moron.
here's the specific excerpt from your baba yaga joint where you hoist yourself up by your own oft self-abused little petard;
Later, FROM THE 12th CENTURY, when people began to believe in the use of magic power for evil, people began to fear and hate these wise women with their potions and advice. Many were put to death and the picture of the wise woman or 'witch' changed, to become the frightening, ugly, evil old hag, casting wicked spells, as in the stories today.
you didn't pause long enough in reading that link you proffered this morning to notice that something changed in the 12th century?
EXACT.SAME.SHIT I noted to your vaccuous and ignorant attention upthread yesterday?
let me repeat it for your dumbass this morning, and this time, click the link I provided and read so that you don't come stumbling and bumbling back here one mo time again - self destructing your own lame and ahistorical propaganda;
Don't you know the origins of the expression "Kill them all; God will recognize his own."?
The CHURCH made up the images that informed the ugly old hag on a broom "folklore" subsequently recompiled by the Grimms dumbass.
Just as certainly as the CHURCH made up that pernicious practice in which you personally specialize, and which has proven so devastating to your own knowledge, self-awareness and political world view.
Dood, I learned this stuff in the 9th grade along about the same time I read the Canterbury Tales and got a firm handle on the large-scale historical ebbs and flows in the Trans-European Project. Your dumbass obviously never received the benefit of a classically oriented primary/secondary school education.
I could almost feel sorry for you but for the oft-demonstrated fact that your public stupidity and ignorance are almost always self-inflicted.
Every time you even attempt to phuk with me, you turn into an increasingly deformed caricature of laziness, arrogance, and generalized scholastic poor hygiene...., {that's codespeak for low IQ muhphuggah!!!}
Read both links. That first link, in case you didn't notice, was aimed at school-age readers. The Encyclopedia of Russian Folklore and Fairytales, on the other hand, is based at the University of Pittsburgh, and is authoritative.
Thus, I cite an authoritative reference clearly suggesting that the myth of a magical old hag who lives in the woods and eats children goes back to ancient pagan times.
And you cite no source to back up your ludicrous assertion that witches didn't exist in European folklore until the Inquisition.
Hang it up, boo boo.
aaaaaahhhhhIdon'tkonwaboutallthatshit CNu.
I think you are making your mind up ... and then reading.
To suggest the pagan tradition in Europe started in the 12th century and was a product of "the Church" ... and that "the Church" was the embodiment of monotheism ... and that the church was also the sole representative of "religion" itself ... is counterintuitive.
The Roman Catholic Church ... with its TRINITY ... and VIRGIN MOTHERS ... SAINTS ... is a polytheistic institution with a monotheistic cherry on top.
Pinning the "atrocities of the middle ages" on monotheism because of the complicity of "da Church" is like blaming monotheism for The Holocaust because of the complicity of the Nazis.
It's like blaming the Holocaust on Judaism because of the complicity of the Zionists.
Also, Craig... the Inquisition never operated in Eastern Europe. Am I correct about that?
Then how do you explain that Baba Yaga -- the old witch who lives in the woods and eats children -- is a keystone figure in Russian folklore?
Case closed.
Interesting conversation, though.
Thus, I cite an authoritative reference clearly suggesting that the myth of a magical old hag who lives in the woods and eats children goes back to ancient pagan times.
Is this a constitutional defect with you?
Is the truth utterly incompatible with your psychological makeup?
The Baba Yaga of your pitt.edu reference bears no semblance w.h.a.t.s.o.e.v.e.r. to the "cannibalistic witch on a broom" popularized by the Inquisition and immortalized by the Grimms.
Baba Yaga is the equivalent of the wise Mullah Nassaruddin. It was never an evil motif until after the Church began its genocidal hunt for the followers of the dissident eastern european monk Bogomil - which hunt culminated in the slaughter of the Cathars aka Bogomils.
Not only that, but there is no line of transmission for these Russian archetypes into Grimm's tales, OTOH, the influence of a french speaking Huegenot source is indisputable.
Your favorite rub tale Snow White being a decidely FRENCH variant from a century earlier a la Perrault and their french speaking informant Marie.
{um, you realize that the Cathar/Bogomil slaughter in the 12th century took place in France - and that extensive propaganda had to proceed the systematic slaughter of 250,000 people?}
Lastly as romantic GERMAN nationalists - what on earth would have you imagining them including unabridged Russian archetypes in their collection?
It's directly contrary to the motive you imputed to them upthread, i.e., looking for GERMANIC pagan sources and types.
In any event, the Grimm's put notes to the sources of their tales, and unless you wanna pretend that Snow White, Cinderella, or any of myriad other witch variants were based on Baba Yaga, well, that's something that we can factually ascertain, in no uncertain terms, quick, fast, and in a hurry.
I'm pretty sure you don't want to go there, because you already know exactly how little you know about this subject, and at this juncture you're just trying to save face now that the ass-whooping is a fait accompli.
I think you are making your mind up ... and then reading.
To suggest the pagan tradition in Europe started in the 12th century and was a product of "the Church" ... and that "the Church" was the embodiment of monotheism ... and that the church was also the sole representative of "religion" itself ... is counterintuitive.
rotflmbao....,
blackest-eye man on the Internet done woke up and started fumbling and mumbling around, still disoriented from that DMG pounding last night.
go sit down somewhere and ask wifey if she'll cut you off a thick slab of cold tofu to put on that eye...,
Mills...
"The civilizing influence of modern religions over the past couple thousand years is obvious to all but the most obstinate fuckwit."
Interesting statement. If you could answer this question then, David. Why is the period after the fall of the largely pagan Western Roman Empire until the advent of the European Renaissance (literally: Rebirth) called "The Dark Ages"? Mind you, that the European Renaissance was marked and fueled by an endeavor - scientific inquiry - that was fiercely opposed by Christian churches of all stripes.
"Why is the period after the fall of the largely pagan Western Roman Empire until the advent of the European Renaissance (literally: Rebirth) called "The Dark Ages"?" MF
Good question. Called "The Dark Ages" ... by whom?
^Is your name David Mills? As to your question. Look it up yourself.
Ahhh faggot you going to play it like that now?
I'm trying to help you out here.
Has David Mills even spoken to your monkey ass since the last time you asked him to give a woman an acting job as a "personal favor" ... to you? (tryin' to get some pussy)
DV...
"Ahhh faggot..."
I see. You still got that homosexuality on your brain...
Plus, why do you have to "pervert-sexualize" everything? You've got more sexual perversions, be they actual or imagined, on your brain than anyone I've come across.
If you could answer this question then, David. Why is the period after the fall of the largely pagan Western Roman Empire until the advent of the European Renaissance... called "The Dark Ages"?
In a nutshell, Mike... the so-called “Dark Ages” (beginning in the 5th Century, A.D.) were a period in Western Europe defined by a lack of writing and scholarship.
This lack of writing and scholarship had nothing to do with the rise of the Christian Church. It had everything to do with the so-called “Barbarian Invasions” from the East... with Germanic tribes laying waste Rome.
During the consequent “Dark Ages,” Christian clerics were the only literate people in Barbarian Europe.
Indeed, it was the influence of the Church that brought Western Europe out of the Dark Ages. I refer specifically to the Age of Charlemagne during the 8th and 9th centuries... an intellectual revival inspired, in part, by the need for literate parish priests who could read the Latin Bible.
The royal court of Charlemagne (who was a devout Christian) attracted scholarly minds from across Europe. Among the results: the development and spread of lower case letters, a revolution in writing that we, of course, take for granted today.
Are you hip to what a “scriptorium” is? That was the room in medieval monasteries where monks would copy manuscripts by hand. This reflects an understanding of the great cultural value of literacy.
As stated upthread, lack of decent education coupled with willful ignorance and a proclivity for propaganda have made this one useless.
Truly, a mind is a terrible thing to waste.
Here are the historical facts from the perspective of the genuine Christian church wrt the so-called Dark Ages. And from the Islamic world, we turn to Ibn Khaldun for an even more sweeping view of the foundations of western civilization during the so-called Dark Ages.
^ What the fuck are you babbling about now, Craig?
Mills...
"This lack of writing and scholarship had nothing to do with the rise of the Christian Church. It had everything to do with the so-called “Barbarian Invasions” from the East... with Germanic tribes laying waste Rome."
I beg to differ, david. These Germanic tribes who laid waste to Rome and ushered in the Dark Ages, David, were devout Christians of the Arian variety. Monotheists to the hilt, by the way, so much so that they even rejected the Roman Catholic Christian version of the Trinity.
Fact is, Western Europe had never experienced as advanced a civilization as that of polytheistic Rome. Shoot. The Germans didn't even know what windows where until the pagan Romans taught them. Even toady the German word for window is "Fenster" a derivation of the Latin "Fenestra".
The European Renaissance was ushered in by the rediscovery of the ancient Greek transcripts via the Moors of Andalusia (Spain) and the rise of logical thought and mathematics via the Arabs who transmitted mathematical concepts developed in India (such as Algebra, and above all, the number zero). The Catholic Church had to be dragged into the Renaissance kicking and screaming. In fact, that's what the catholic Inquisition was all about: Stomping out logical thinking, questioning, and scientific inquiry as "heresy".
Oh, by the way. Yes, I know what a “scriptorium” is. I had to take Latin in German school from 4th grade until the completion of the ninth grade for five boring ass years.
These Germanic tribes who laid waste to Rome and ushered in the Dark Ages, David, were devout Christians of the Arian variety.
Were they literate? Did they foster a culture of writing and learning in Europe after the fall of Rome?
Who did maintain a culture of writing and scholarship in Europe after the fall of Rome... and for hundreds of years before the "Renaissance"?
Muslims and Byzantine Romans
Muslims and Byzantine Romans
Let's hear it for the civilizing influence of religion!
and the unmitigated, de-evolutionary, and dehumanizing institutional barbarism of the Plantaion "Religion" which you have uncritically extolled.
^ No one gives a wet shit about your boy Romanides and his esoteric mysticism.
I'm starting to wonder if you were fondled by a priest when you were young, Craig.
It's okay if you were. It's even okay if you liked it.
Mills...
"Were they literate? Did they foster a culture of writing and learning in Europe after the fall of Rome?"
That wasn't your premise, David. Your premise was as follows:
"The civilizing influence of modern religions over the past couple thousand years is obvious to all but the most obstinate fuckwit."
And you combined that with an earlier nod to monotheism. Which allows one to conclude that you meant to say "The civilizing influence of modern monotheistic religions over the past couple thousand years is obvious to all but the most obstinate fuckwit."
This then would be your premise.
Now the fact is, however, that Europe did pretty well under the influence of Roman polytheistic religion, thank you very much. So did Greece. And so did ancient Kemet (Egypt) and sundry other high civilizations. The fact also is, that societies dominated by polytheistic religions did much to wreck havoc and throw back civilization a few centuries. Same with monotheistic societies. While the Western Roman Empire dominated by the catholic version of somewhat-monotheism (due to the Trinity) rapidly became a basket case which allowed for the takeover of non-Romans such as Odoacer and the sack of Rome by the very monotheistic and Christian Theodoric and his Goths (which set back European civilization for a thousand years) other monotheistic societies flourished. Then again societies which were devoted to logical thought flourished the most: China. Where the only real "religion" was a rational code of behavior. Namely Confusionism. Until the voluntary withdrawal by the Chinese ruling class from science and planetary exploration and trade no European society, be it of the Renaissance or not was able to achieve anything remotely as advance technologically and medically as the Middle Kingdom.
And THAT achievement, as I assume you would correctly identify, was largely based on the existence of a vast literate highly educated bureaucratic class. But it had to do whit with religion, monotheistic or not.
In fact, the sectarianisms of the Western Christian religions caused so much bloodshed and chaos it threw Europe back civilizationwise again and again. the last example being the 30 year war of 1618-1648 which devastated Germany. It is only when the German princes chucked religion and the catholic Church aside in favor of nation-states and concluded the Westphalian Peace in 1648 that Western Europe, and in particular Central Europe was able to progress at an ever increasing pace.
Here ends an exceptionally fine tutorial squandered on a potty-mouthed, infantile, douchebag...,
In fact, the sectarianisms of the Western Christian religions caused so much bloodshed and chaos it threw Europe back civilizationwise again and again.
Come come now, Mike.
Didn't you attend the University of Heidelberg?
Is the University of Heidelberg a keystone of modern German civilization?
Who founded the University of Heidelberg in the 14th Century?
Is the University of Paris a keystone of European civilization?
Who founded the University of Paris?
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